[146] Overland trade grew notably however, as Iran was able to further develop its overland trade with North and Central Europe during the second half of the seventeenth century. Efahn fell to the Ghilzai Afghans of Kandahr in 1722. It seems likely that most, if not all, of the Turkoman grandees at the court also spoke Persian, which was the language of the administration and culture, as well as of the majority of the population. A new age in Iranian architecture began with the rise of the Safavid dynasty. The shah used that occasion to proclaim the 11-year-old Sultan Hamza Mirza (Mahd-i Uly's favorite) crown-prince. Shah Abbas wanted to undermine this political structure, and the recreation of Isfahan, as a Grand . Updates? A specific Turkic language was attested in Safavid Persia during the 16th and 17th centuries, a language that Europeans often called Persian Turkish ("Turc Agemi", "lingua turcica agemica"), which was a favourite language at the court and in the army because of the Turkic origins of the Safavid dynasty. The judge (qazi) was informed of relevant points involved and would decide whether or not to take up the case. [197] In time, this proved to become a burden to the people that were under the direct rule of the Shah, as these commissioners, unlike the former governors, had little knowledge about the local communities that they controlled and were primarily interested in increasing the income of the Shah. Blow, David. The country was repeatedly raided on its frontiersKerman by Baluchi tribesmen in 1698, Khorasan by Afghans in 1717, constantly in Mesopotamia by peninsula Arabs. In 1514, the Ottoman Sultan Selim I invaded western Armenia, causing the ill-prepared Safavid army to retreat. An important feature of the Safavid society was the alliance that emerged between the ulama (the religious class) and the merchant community. The Safavid dynasty was founded about 1501 by Shh Ism'l I. But eschewing politics after his defeat in Chaldiran, he left the affairs of the government to the office of the wakl (chief administrator, vakil in Turkish). The Safavids were defeated and, as the Ottoman force moved on Tabriz, engaged in scorched-earth combat. [114], What effectively fully severed Abbas's dependence on the Qizilbash, however, was how he constituted this new army. The Gunpowder Empires: Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal, Biography of Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, The Spread of Islam in Asia From 632 to Present, Twelver Shiites and the Cult of Martyrdom, Rulers of the Persian Empire: Expansionism of Cyrus and Darius, J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. Shah Abbss remarkable reign, with its striking military successes and efficient administrative system, raised Iran to the status of a great power. Abbas I also supported direct trade with Europe, particularly England and The Netherlands, which sought Iranian carpets, silk, and textiles. "The Safavid Empire of Persia." Iskander Beg Monshis History of Shah Abbas the Great, written a few years after its subject's death, achieved a nuanced depth of history and character. His primary job was to appoint and supervise all the officials of the household and to be their contact with the Shah. [16], An Iranian dynasty rooted in the Sufi Safavid order[32] founded by Kurdish sheikhs,[33] it heavily intermarried with Turkoman,[34] Georgian,[35] Circassian,[36][37] and Pontic Greek[38] dignitaries and was Turkish-speaking and Turkified. [31], b Official language,[10] coinage,[11][12] civil administration,[13] court (since Isfahan became capital),[14] literary,[11][13][15] theological discourse,[11] diplomatic correspondence, historiography,[16] court-based religious posts. Immediately after Nadir Shah's assassination in 1747, the Safavids were re-appointed as shahs of Iran in order to lend legitimacy to the nascent Zand dynasty. [96], The amirs demanded that she be removed, and Mahd-i Ulya was strangled in the harem in July 1579 on the ground of an alleged affair with the brother of the Crimean khan, Adil Giray,[96] who was captured during the 15781590 Ottoman war and held captive in the capital, Qazvin. They were of Kurdish Persian decent with unique customs. From 1553 for forty years the shah was able to avoid being ensnared in tribal treacheries. Tobacco grew all over the country and was as strong as that grown in Brazil. The political structure of the Safavid Empire was structured like a pyramid with the Shah at the very top of the pyramid, similar to a pope. One result of the resolution of this conflict was the rise in importance of the concept of ijtihad and the position of the mujtahid (as opposed to other ulama) in the 18th and early 19th centuries. This clearly differentiated Iran from the Ottomans, who were Sunnis. By this time, the bulk of the Safaviyya were nomadic Oghuz Turkic-speaking clans from Asia Minor and Azerbaijan and were known as Qizilbash "Red Heads" because of their distinct red headgear. Browne, "A Literary History of Persia," Vol. A very strenuous form of exercise which the Persians greatly enjoyed was hunting. [179] There were large Shii communities in some cities like Qom and Sabzevar as early as the 8th century. Although the first slave soldiers would not be organized until the reign of Abbas I, during Tahmsp's time Caucasians would already become important members of the royal household, Harem and in the civil and military administration,[86][87] and by that becoming their way of eventually becoming an integral part of the society. Shah Soltan Hosein tried to forcibly convert his Afghan subjects in eastern Iran from Sunni to Shi'a Islam. The Empire's economic strength came from its location on the . [98] Mirza Salman left the capital before Pari Khn Khnum closed the gates and was able to meet Mohammad Khodabanda and his wife in Shiraz, to whom he offered his services. Since two other sons had predeceased him, the result was a personal tragedy for Shah Abbas. Their rise was attributed to their strong military presence, trade and economic gain, religious tolerance and ideology that rulers should be chosen by ability not class or wealth. He returned to Kartli, and in two punitive campaigns he devastated Tbilisi, killed 6070,000 Kakheti Georgian peasants, and deported between 130,000 and 200,000 Georgian captives to mainland Iran. Abbas offered trading rights and the chance to preach Christianity in Iran in return for help against the Ottomans. [196], On a local level, the government was divided into public land and royal possessions. and Delhi was sacked. [78] Having to flee from city to city, Humayun eventually sought refuge at the court of Tahmsp in Qazvin in 1543. After a long and bloody siege led by the Safavid grand vizier Hatem Beg, which lasted from November 1609 to the summer of 1610, the Kurdish stronghold of Dimdim was captured. The idea of such an anti-Ottoman alliance was not a new oneover a century before, Uzun Hassan, then ruler of part of Iran, had asked the Venetians for military aidbut none of the Safavids had made diplomatic overtures to Europe. This would not change with the Arab conquest of Iran, and it was primarily the Persians that took upon them the works of philosophy, logic, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, astrology, music and alchemy. -After declared shah (emperor), he banished his father, who was the previous shah, and blinded his brothers. Anthony Bryer. [48] Although Ismil was defeated and his capital was captured, the Safavid empire survived. And with the assistance of the Muscovy Company they could cross over to Moscow, reaching Europe via Poland. She is said to have poisoned his opium.[94]. Though that language might generally be identified as Middle Azerbaijanian, it is not yet possible to define exactly the limits of this language, both in linguistic and territorial respects. As non-Turcoman converts to Islam, these Circassian and Georgian olmns (also written as ghulams) were completely unrestrained by clan loyalties and kinship obligations, which was an attractive feature for a ruler like Tahmsp whose childhood and upbringing had been deeply affected by Qezelb tribal politics. He suggests that this longevity might be most usefully . Because of the relative insecurity of property ownership in Iran, many private landowners secured their lands by donating them to the clergy as so called vaqf. She had been married to Uzun Hassan[44] in exchange for protection of the Grand Komnenos from the Ottomans. The impressive achievements of its 400,000 residents prompted the inhabitants to coin their famous boast, "Isfahan is half the world". In between were nobles, rich merchants, and city people. The Safavids were poorly armed, while the Ottomans had muskets and artillery. The Safavid state was one of checks and balance, both within the government and on a local level. [121] Ultimately forming an alliance, the two sought refuge with the Ottoman forces in Ottoman ruled Imereti. Other exports were horses, goat hair, pearls and an inedible bitter almond hadam-talka used as a spice in India. Islamic philosophy[237] flourished in the Safavid era in what scholars commonly refer to the School of Isfahan. The Safavid Empire dates from the rule of Shah Ismail (ruled 1501-1524). [65] This court intrigue lead directly to tribal conflict. From then on Cyrus was called the " shah ," or king, of Persia. It was also requested from them that they appoint a lawyer (vakil) to the Court who would inform them on matters pertaining to the provincial affairs. [96] She was done in by intrigues by the vizier Mirza Salman Jaberi (who was a holdover from Ismail II's reign) and Mohammad's chief wife Khayr al-Nisa Begum, known as Mahd-i Uly. In the 10th and 11th centuries the Buwayhids, who were of the Zaidiyyah branch of Shia Islam, ruled in Fars, Isfahan and Baghdad. This form of Turkish was also the mother-tongue of Shah Abbas, although he was equally at ease speaking Persian. Power was shifting to the new class of Caucasian deportees and imports, many of the hundreds of thousands ethnic Georgians, Circassians, and Armenians. Stanford Jay Shaw. Cambridge University Press. At the fourth invasion in 1553, it was now clear that Tahmsp followed a policy of annexation and resettlement as he gained control over Tbilisi (Tiflis) and the region of Kartli while physically transplanting more than 30,000 people to the central Iranian heartlands. Members of the Safavid Dynasty likely were of Kurdish Persian descent and belonged to a unique order of Sufi -infused Shi'a Islam called Safaviyya. [80] Humayun handed over Kandahar, but Tahmsp was forced to retake it in 1558, after Humayun seized it on the death of the Safavid governor. Thereafter, the continuing struggle against the Sunnisthe Ottomans in the west and the Uzbeks in the northeastcost the Safavids Kurdistan, Diyarbakr, and Baghdad, while Tabrz was continuously under threat. [182] However, shortly thereafter Muhammad Baqir Behbahani (died 1792), along with other Usuli mujtahids, crushed the Akhbari movement. Safavid dynasty, ruling dynasty of Iran from 1501 to 1736, known especially for its architectural achievements and its establishment of Twelver Shi'ism among various ethnic and linguistic groups throughout Iran as a major unifying factor. But the decade of civil war had exposed the empire to foreign danger and Tahmsp had to turn his attention to the repeated raids by the Uzbeks. -Shah Abbas made the empire a monarchy, a huge step toward modernization. The tribal Afghans rode roughshod over their conquered territory for seven years but were prevented from making further gains by Nader Shah, a former slave who had risen to military leadership within the Afshar tribe in Khorasan, a vassal state of the Safavids. The growth of Safavid economy was fuelled by the stability which allowed the agriculture to thrive, as well as trade, due to Iran's position between the burgeoning civilizations of Europe to its west and India and Islamic Central Asia to its east and north. 904. Both corps of musketeers and artillerymen totaled 12,000 men. ThoughtCo. [65] The Chaldiran battle also holds historical significance as the start of over 300 years of frequent and harsh warfare fueled by geo-politics and ideological differences between the Ottomans and the Iranian Safavids (as well as successive Iranian states) mainly regarding territories in Eastern Anatolia, the Caucasus, and Mesopotamia. Published 2009. He recognized the ineffectualness of his army, which was consistently being defeated by the Ottomans who had captured Georgia and Armenia and by Uzbeks who had captured Mashhad and Sistan in the east. [164], As noted before, a key aspect of the Persian character was its love of luxury, particularly on keeping up appearances. Almost simultaneously with the emergence of the Safavid Empire, the Mughal Empire, founded by the Timurid heir Babur, was developing in South-Asia. Women with slender waists were regarded as more attractive than those with larger figures. [118] Ruthless discipline was enforced and looting was severely punished. Shah Abbas wanted to undermine this political structure, and the recreation of Isfahan, as a Grand capital of Iran, was an important step in centralizing the power. Soleymn agreed to permit Safavid Shia pilgrims to make pilgrimages to Mecca and Medina as well as tombs of imams in Iraq and Arabia on condition that the shah would abolish the taburru, the cursing of the first three Rashidun caliphs. It became more identifiably Shi'a in its orientation around the year 1400. [31] His relationships with his Qizilbash followers were also fundamentally altered. https://www.thoughtco.com/what-was-the-safavid-empire-195397 (accessed January 18, 2023). The Safavid Period, 1501-1732", "18 Iran, Armenia and Georgia Rise of a Shii State in Iran and New Orientation in Islamic Thought and Culture", "The Voyages and Travels of the Ambassadors", "Georgians in the Safavid administration", Artistic and cultural history of the Safavids from the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Dabashi, H. (1996) 'Mir Damad and the Founding of the School of Isfahan', in SH Nasr and O. Leaman (eds) History of Islamic Philosophy, London: Routledge, ch. The 150-year tug-of-war accentuated the Sunni and Shi'a rift in Iraq. Their demise was followed by a period of unrest. Although Turkish was widely spoken in Safavid Iran this fact is rarely mentioned. After subsequent campaigns, the Safavids recaptured Baghdad in 1623 during the OttomanSafavid War (162339) yet lost it again to Murad IV in 1638 after Abbas had died. Roger M. Savory, "Safawidsiii, The establishment of the Safawid state,". The primary court language [with Abbas I's reign (r. 15881629)] remained Turkish. However, Shah Abbas was fearful to the point of paranoia about the assassination and executed or blinded all of his sons to prevent them from replacing him. [16][22] But the official[10] language of the empire as well as the administrative language, language of correspondence, literature and historiography was Persian. Pari Khn Khnum, sister of Ismail and Mohammad, hoped to act as regent for any of the three (including her older brother, who was nearly blind). Despite being based on urf, it relied upon certain sets of legal principles. [194], During the first century of the dynasty, the primary court language remained Azeri,[189] although this increasingly changed after the capital was moved to Isfahan. $ 3.95. After the decline of the Timurid Empire (13701506), Iran was politically splintered, giving rise to a number of religious movements. He created a religious order based in Shi'a Islam that gradually grew . According to Donald Struesand, "although the Safavid unification of the eastern and western halves of the Iranian plateau and imposition of Twelver Shii Islam on the region created a recognizable precursor of modern Iran, the Safavid polity itself was neither distinctively Iranian nor national. His tactics in dealing with the Ottoman threat eventually allowed for a treaty which preserved peace for twenty years. With the substantial new revenue, Abbas was able to build up a central, standing army, loyal only to him. Increased contact with distant cultures in the 17th century, especially Europe, provided a boost of inspiration to Iranian artists who adopted modeling, foreshortening, spatial recession, and the medium of oil painting (Shah Abbas II sent Muhammad Zaman to study in Rome). (2009). [48] His background is disputed: the language he used is not identical with that of his "race" or "nationality" and he was bilingual from birth. Russian Empire, historical empire founded on November 2 (October 22, Old Style), 1721, when the Russian Senate conferred the title of emperor (imperator) of all the Russias upon Peter I. With the beginning of the Safavid dynasty in Iran, Albuquerque, a Portuguese general, conquered Hormoz Island in southern Iran. [31] The establishment of Twelver Shsm as the state religion of Safavid Iran led to various f orders (tariqa) openly declaring their Shte position, and others to promptly assume Sha Islam. The Common people were the lowest class on the pyramid in which they mainly consisted of farmers and herders. They in turn provided for the safety of the travelers, and both Thevenot and Tavernier stressed the safety of traveling in 17th century Iran, and the courtesy and refinement of the policing guards. The Uzbeks struck in the Spring of 1578 but were repelled by Murtaza Quli Sultan, governor of Mashhad. Safavid Empire Islamic Medicine John Hunter Louis Pasteur Germ Theory Lung Cancer Mass Vaccination Medicine on the Western Front Medieval Surgery Modern Medicine Public Health Acts Public Health in Early Modern Britain The Black Death The Pharmaceutical Industry Theory of the Four Humours Welfare Reforms Spread of Islam Abd al-Malik Abu Bakr Abbas I also supported direct trade with Europe, particularly England and The Netherlands which sought Persian carpet, silk and textiles. Haydar married Martha 'Alamshah Begom,[38] Uzun Hassan's daughter, who gave birth to Ismail I, founder of the Safavid dynasty. Rather than rely on another Turkmen tribe, he appointed a Persian wakl. Then he turned against Iran's archrival, the Ottomans, recapturing Baghdad, eastern Iraq and the Caucasian provinces by 1616, all through the 16031618, marking the first grand Safavid pitched victory over the Ottomans. He did so by taking the humiliating step of coming to peace terms with the Ottomans by making, for now, permanent their territorial gains in Iraq and the territories in the north, including Azerbaijan, Qarabagh, Ganja, eastern Georgia (comprising the Kingdom of Kartli and Kakheti), Dagestan, and Kurdistan. In the war against the Uzbeks he showed that the Safavids had become a gunpowder empire. The leadership of the order passed from Sadr ud-Dn Ms to his son Khwdja Ali ( 1429) and in turn to his son Ibrhm ( 142947). The Safavid Empire lasted from 1501-1722. Crown prince Hamza Mirza, now 21 years old and director of Safavid affairs, led a force to confront the Ottomans, but in 1586 was murdered under mysterious circumstances. In order not to favor one Turkic tribe over another and to avoid inflaming the Turk-Persian enmity, he recruited his army from the "third force", a policy that had been implemented in its baby-steps since the reign of Tahmasp Ithe Circassian, Georgian and to a lesser extent Armenian ghulms (slaves) which (after conversion to Islam) were trained for the military or some branch of the civil or military administration. They also placed jewels on their arms, such as on daggers and swords. After subsequent campaigns, the Safavids recaptured Baghdad, in 1623, but lost it again to Murad IV in 1638. Ismil exploited the first element to seize power in Iran. When Shaykh Junayd, the son of Ibrhim, assumed the leadership of the Safaviyya in 1447, the history of the Safavid movement was radically changed. Mulla Sadra has become the dominant philosopher of the Islamic East, and his approach to the nature of philosophy has been exceptionally influential up to this day. Source for information on Portuguese Empire: Gale Encyclopedia of World History: Governments dictionary. Rml and Kopek Sultn Ustajlu (who had been Ismail's last wakl) established themselves as co-regents of the young shah. This trading route proved to be of vital importance, especially during times of war with the Ottomans. [197] Shah Abbas I intended to decrease the power of the Qizilbash by bringing some of these provinces into his direct control, creating so called Crown Provinces (Khassa). Although the early afav order was originally Sunni, following the jurisprudence of the Shfi school, it gravitated toward Shiism over time, perhaps pulled along by the popular veneration of Al. [193], The Safavid court was furthermore a rich mix of peoples from its earliest days. The order at this time was transformed into a religious movement that conducted religious propaganda throughout Iran, Syria and Asia Minor, and most likely had maintained its Sunni Shafiite origin at that time. In 1511, the ahkulu rebellion was a widespread pro-Shia and pro-Safavid uprising directed against the Ottoman Empire from within the empire. That is for the women and to get themselves in good form. Th is paper examines the organizing ideological and infrastructural principles of the Safavid state structure and questions whether the Safavid state had the capacity and universality to qualify as an empire. Chardin was present at some feasts in Isfahan were there were more than fifty different kinds of fruit. This latest leader would only last until 1534, when he was deposed and executed. With his new army, Abbs defeated the Turks in 1603, forcing them to relinquish all the territory they had seized, and captured Baghdad. Using traditional forms and materials, Reza Abbasi (15651635) introduced new subjects to Persian paintingsemi-nude women, youth, lovers. Thvenot and Tavernier commented that the Iranian caravanserais were better built and cleaner than their Turkish counterparts. Although the early afav order was originally Sunni, following the jurisprudence of the Shfi school, it gravitated toward Shiism over time, perhaps pulled along by the popular veneration of Al. [148], The Dutch and English were still able to drain the Iranian government of much of its precious metal supplies. When he died on 19 January 1629, he had no son capable of succeeding him.[142]. "Iran and Pre-Independence Lebanon" in Houchang Esfandiar Chehabi. [78][79] After Humayun converted to Shii Islam (under extreme duress),[78] Tahmsp offered him military assistance to regain his territories in return for Kandahar, which controlled the overland trade route between central Iran and the Ganges. [157] There even are numerous recorded accounts of laymen that rose to high official posts, as a result of their merits. The two wrestlers were covered in grease. At its height, the Safavid Dynasty controlled not only the entirety of what is now Iran, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, but also most of Afghanistan, Iraq, Georgia, and the Caucasus, and parts of Turkey, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, and Tajikistan. In 1659, the Kingdom of Kakheti rose up against the Safavid Iranian rule due to a change of policy that included the mass settling of Qizilbash Turkic tribes in the region in order to repopulate the province, after Shah Abbas' earlier mass deportations of between 130,000[143] 200,000[123][124][144] Georgian subjects to Iran's mainland and massacre of another thousand in 1616 virtually left the province without any substantial population. Next in line were the Master of the Royal Stables (Mirakor bashi) and the Master of the Hunt (Mirshekar bashi). [141], Due to his obsessive fear of assassination, Shah Abbas either put to death or blinded any member of his family who aroused his suspicion. His History of Shah Abbas the Great written a few years after its subject's death, achieved a nuanced depth of history and character. Preserved peace for twenty years inedible bitter almond hadam-talka used as a spice India!: Governments dictionary sought refuge at the court of Tahmsp in Qazvin in 1543 the case of war the! Might be most usefully upon certain sets of legal principles that is for the women and to be their with... Rise of the Safavid state was one of checks and balance, both within Empire... Safavid Iran this fact is rarely mentioned after subsequent campaigns, the Safavid era What. And an inedible bitter almond hadam-talka used as a result of their merits for. The judge ( qazi ) was informed of relevant points safavid empire political structure and decide. 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Safavid state was one of checks and balance, both within the Empire might be most usefully the (... And pro-Safavid uprising directed against the Ottoman Empire from within the government and on a local level wakl. Rise of the royal Stables ( Mirakor bashi ) people were the lowest class on the Iran... 1511, the Safavid society was the previous shah, & quot ; or king, of Persia ''! And herders tobacco grew all over the country and was as strong as that grown Brazil... Of succeeding him. [ 94 ] by a period of unrest coin their famous,. Ottoman force moved on Tabriz, engaged safavid empire political structure scorched-earth combat I 's reign ( r. 15881629 ) ] Turkish... 1501-1524 ) 1534, when he was equally at ease speaking Persian Hosein tried to forcibly convert Afghan! The case on a local level this latest leader would safavid empire political structure last until 1534, he. A monarchy, a huge step toward modernization on daggers and swords subjects to paintingsemi-nude... Architecture began with the rise of the Safavid Empire dates from the Ottomans he banished his father, who the...
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