Adult female mass for the different prey categories was 2275 kg for elephant (Loxodonta africana), 828 kg for giraffe, 513 kg for buffalo, 302 kg for zebra, 273 kg for the class medium Bovidae (see composition in Table 2), 157 kg for kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), 56 kg for the class Suidae (see composition in Table 2), and 11 kg for small antelopes (see composition in Table 2). Cameroon: Water source sustains community, 1986 Panda Symbol WWF World Wide Fund For Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund). Many springs emerge from hill slopes, some of them thermal (Mafany and Fantong 2006). It was not possible to quantify biomass rigorously from faecal samples, as prey age and sex were not discernible from hair remains. Download a GIS shapefile of the Cameroon geology and hydrogeology map. Dashed and dotted lines indicate mean proportions in the amalgamated kills for males and females respectively. Sightings of Lion in the Hluhluwe Umfolozi vary according to various factors. Officially known as the Republic of Cameroon, this country is surrounded by six other African countries, as well as three bodies of water. We arbitrarily assigned the average adult female weight, with the exception of elephant as predominantly juveniles are preyed upon in dry periods [19], for each sample to allow a crude comparison with kill data. An improved water source over this period for resources leads to infanticide- the practice of killing others! From buffalo to hippo and even adult elephant the there are prides that have adapted to preying on all. Jacobss indices (kill and faecal data) revealed that buffalo were preferred in all seasons (Fig. Windhoek For more information on the map see the, Land Cover Map of Cameroon, from the European Space Agency GlobCover 2.3, 2009. Samples were washed, sieved and sun dried to remove organic matter, and spread in a grid sampling tray. The Ministry of Water Resources and Energy / Ministere De Leau Et De Lenergie (MINEE) has responsibility for water supply and sanitation in both rural areas and towns through the Directorate of Directorate of Water (DE: Direction de lEau). Responsibility for the construction and management of rural wells and boreholes has been transferred to communes (AMCOW 2011). The distance between 215 lion kills and the nearest water source was analyzed using generalized linear models. Cameroon What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit? Lions were one of those species which were not spared from the curiosity of the world. Radio-collars were removed or replaced within the framework of long-term monitoring protocols. What are the water sources of Cameroon? Certain details were gradually implemented to ensure that the environment of the areas where they were detained were close to if not identical to the habitat where they originally lived in. Southern Africa Please cite this page as: Upton, Dochartaigh & Bellwood-Howard, 2018. Altitude varies from 800 m to 1100 m and rainfall data were available from 1918 to 2007. Y Xu and B Usher, Taylor and Francis/Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 47-55. Prey moves between the islands and lions have to cross the water to follow. Zeke Davidson, The few kills recorded for these species were distant from waterholes, suggesting that lions may feed on small antelopes opportunistically as they are encountered in the environment. Here, we investigate the seasonal contribution of the different herbivore species, prey preference and distribution of kills (i.e. They however went dysfunctional and the community faced a serious water crisis. Then-Gov. The study was conducted between 2005 and 2007 in the northern sector of Hwange National Park (Hwange), north-western Zimbabwe, latitudes 1830 and 1950 S and longitudes 2545 and 2730 E. The study area covers c. 7554 km2 of dystrophic woodland savanna. Where does the Cameroon River get its water? Copper isn't Zambia's only rich natural resource. However, much of the shallow groundwater is vulnerable to contamination. Found in the southeast, and north of the Adamaoua, around Poli, this is made up of a series of schists-amphibolites with intercalations of quartzitic sandstones and phyllites. The majority of the population is employed in agriculture, much of it at subsistence scale with surplus produce sold in local markets. The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. 1). Frequency of use (in both kills and faeces) and selection index of kudu in the early dry season highlight the importance of this species to lion female diet. Browsers such as giraffe, kudu and small antelopes were mainly consumed in the early dry season (Fig. This allows conversations they can hear for 100km further than normal. Volcanic centres form moderately to highly productive fractured/weathered aquifers. Generally, flow patterns of all Cameroon rivers are typified by rainfall. This section provides a summary of the hydrogeology of the main aquifers in Cameroon. Marion Valeix, 2017. Kill sites were classified based on the forensic evidence of a kill. This is consistent with findings from Kruger National Park where GPS data from male and female lions suggest that males were only present with females at 10% of their kills [4]. 2006. In our case this is particularly true for the class small antelopes. 1 More information on irrigation water use and requirement statistics. Shy, grumpy, prehistoric beasts with poor eyesight and such presence theyll take your breath away. Down a slope surrounded by evergreen forest in Mambele village near Lobeke National Park in the East Region of Cameroon springs a water source from rocks. View our recommended safaris for inspiration and get ready to plan your dream safari, Contact us or fill out an enquiry form and one of our travel experts will help you tailor make your perfect safari, Enjoy an authentic African experience, with peace of mind, Namibia Borehole yields are usually 1 to 3 m/hour, in the region of the Mandara mountains, but can rarely reach 30 m/hour in places in the Kribi region, associated with large faults (UN 1988). Consequently, waterhole areas are attractive for all herbivores in the dry season and attractive for grazers in the wet season, which corresponds to the period when most grazers have their young. Some rarer prey species were grouped into multi-species classes based on body size in order to ensure statistical robustness of sample size (Table 1). When more than one prey species is available, predators are able to shift prey selection depending on relative prey availability [21]. An average of 300 people depend on the water source, says Njounan Tegomo Olivier, WWF Collaborative Management Officer. Leave a comment African elephants that have become accustomed to the relentless cycles of drought in Etosha and map its water sources in their memories. Water Resources Management and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Cameroon. Groundwater in the upper Pliocene-Quaternary aquifer is typically of Na-Cl type and brackish. Etosha spesification Our entire household has been drinking from this source for many years. Approximately 98% of the annual rainfall occurs from October to April and the long-term annual average (calculated for the period 19182007) is 632 mm (range: 3241160 mm). This is due to the lower contribution of buffalo to female diet in the early dry season which is compensated by an increase in other species consumption (Table 1). We used data from 245 kills and 74 faecal samples. Groundwater usually has low mineral content, with total dissolved solids rarely exceeding 300 mg/l, and conductivities generally between 30 and 350 uS/cm. We assessed seasonal prey preference using Jacobs selection index [35]: Where r is the proportion of the total number of kills or faecal samples of a particular species and p is the proportional availability of the prey species killed. British Geological Survey. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. The kill sites were single kill events. Jacobs index also revealed that buffalo was the most intensively selected species throughout the year. feeding locations) of African lions (Panthera leo) in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, a semi-arid African savanna structured by artificial waterholes, where there is a strong seasonal variation in both surface-water availability and forage quality [22]. Metamorphic crystalline basement - Precambrian, Crystalline rocks cover most of Cameroon, sometimes covered with alluvium and other unconsolidated deposits, and laterite. Please see the Terms of use for more information. They do not only use rivers to gather water to drink but to bathe as well. A BGR project funded by the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) investigated groundwater quality related to health in Yaound and produced a number of reports. Schedule a phone or Zoom call with one of our safari planners, Complete our travel enquiry form to connect with a safari planner. That was the only source of water for the entire Mambele community before WWF rehabilitated this stand tap. In more rural areas, people walk great distances just to reach rivers. Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions. View our Cookie Policy. Lion prey species found in faecal samples classified in 10 groups and their respective proportions relative to frequency of occurrence. The Lake Chad Basin Aquifer System: a case study for the research project 'Transboundary groundwater management in Africa'. These sandstones form a productive aquifer, with permeabilities of around 8 to 80 m/day; transmissivities of 300 to 1700 m/day; and a storage coefficient of 0.025. In communities where neither springs nor stand taps are unavailable, the population drink from open streams that also serve for laundry and bathing. Temperatures vary drastically in the Kalahari, going below zero on winter nights and reaching as high as 40 degrees Celsius during summer days. Proportions of each age class were relatively constant with an increase in the predation on juveniles by males in the wet season (Fig. Constructing a 3D geological model from geophysical data for groundwater modelling and management in the Kribi-Campo sedimentary sub-basin, Cameroon. Per Capita in 2000 : 19 192 m 3 /year. Tsavo Lion Project - Lion Conservation Fund. It was not until the recent century where the conditions of lions in captivity have improved. GWP (Global Water Partnership). Yevalla, G-M S, Blaise B B, Emmanuel M, Seth R E, Beka T and Tabod T C. 2020. Jacobs indices based on faecal data are closer to those for females based on kill data, which is to be expected as most faecal samples were collected at female kill sites. Imagine that thomas was asked to collect the water needed to supply only the cooking and The congo river is the world's second largest after amazon river in . The Lake Chad Basin Aquifer System. We do not have to go that far anymore says Madam Ngenge Ndo Lydie, a local restaurant owner. (A) Mean distance to a waterhole for kills for the different prey species. Call us to speak to an experienced safari planner. The basin is shared by Chad, Niger, the Central African Republic, Nigeria, Cameroon, Algeria, Sudan and Libya. Three male and eight female lions from different coalitions and prides, instrumented with GPS Simplex and TELUS radio-collars (approximate weights: female 900 g, male 950 g; Televilt Positioning AB, Lindesberg, Sweden; see [23] for details), were studied. Sossusvlei Where is the Republic of Cameroon located in the world? Cameroon, a country located in Central Africa, is one of those places. Has its source in the water quality in Cameroon, the Lion Fund! (I accept). 23 Views. All necessary permits were obtained for the described field study from the appropriate agency (Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, 23(1) (c) (ii) 01/20052007). Africa Groundwater Atlas >> Hydrogeology by country >> Hydrogeology of Cameroon. We used to walk more than 1km to fetch water, climbing up and down a steep hill. Three seasons are distinguished: the wet season (November-February), with long-term mean rainfall of 513.6160.0 mm, wide spread surface-water availability and abundant, high quality browse and grazing; the early dry season (March-June), long-term mean rainfall of 111.172.8 mm with decreasing fodder quality and surface-water availability; and the late dry season (JulyOctober), long-term mean rainfall of 25.026.6 mm with surface-water restricted to artificial waterholes and very few natural pans, while deciduous trees lose their foliage and both browse and grazing is of the lowest quality during the year. 2013. This is generally un-metamorphosed, and made up of tillites with sandstones and schist intersected by granitic intrusions (the Lower Dja series). AMCOW. The field assistance of Dr. Daniel Parker, B. Stapelkamp, Nicholas Elliot, Jalle Claypole, Agrippa Moyo, Lowani Mpofu and the rangers of the Hwange National Park was invaluable. The Lake Chad basin contains three main geological units: a upper Quaternary-Lower Pliocene series; the Tertiary Continental Terminal; and the lower Cretaceous series of the Hamadien Continental and the Continental Intercalaire (GWP 2013). Male lions showed a preference for medium Bovidae in the early dry and wet seasons, and for Suidae in the late dry and wet seasons (Fig. Many elderly people prefer the taste of the spring water to that of stand taps. (2013) Seasonal Diet and Prey Preference of the African Lion in a Waterhole-Driven Semi-Arid Savanna. 18, ST/TCD/5. Petroleum exploitation has fallen in recent decades but is still a significant contributor to the economy. doi.org/10.1007/s11269-009-9476-4. Map developed from World Wildlife Fund HydroSHEDS; Digital Chart of the World drainage; and FAO Inland Water Bodies. 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